Safety Tidbit #15-Oh no, I have bird droppings everywhere!

“I need you to sample I have that Histoplasma thingy?”  I calmly told the person on the phone I don’t need to sample, if you have an accumulation of bird dropping in the soil then yes you the Histoplasma capsulatum or H. capsulatum fungus in your soil.  “So we have a problem with histoplasmosis?”  Well yes and no.  If you are going to disturb the soil and make the fungus spores airborne then yes you have an increased risk of exposure.  If the fungus is somewhere that no employees work then, the risk is minimal. 

H. capsulatum grows in many soils in the United States and around the world.  The disease histoplasmosis that arises from exposure to H. capulatum is most prevalent in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys.  People who are immunocompromised (e.g. AIDS, Diabetes, etc.), the elderly, and the very young are at greatest risk. For healthy adults, infected people only display mild flu-like symptoms that resolve by themselves in a few days.

However, if exposure is an issue, then the first logical step is to remove the birds or bats from the location.  Once the source of nitrogen (droppings) is eradicated the area can be cleaned and disinfected.  Dust suppression controls (water) must be employed while removing the contamination.  Furthermore, personal protective equipment (e.g., Tyvek coveralls and NIOSH-approved respirators) should be used while cleaning up the area.  Clean, impervious surfaces (e.g., wood, metal, plastic, etc.) left behind thoroughly.

Some occupations with risk of exposure to H. capsulatum:

•         Bridge Inspectors

•         Painters

•         Chimney Sweeps

•         Demolition Workers

•         Farmers/gardeners

•         HVAC installer and service technicians

•         Pest Control Workers

•         Roofers

Ultimately, many fungi live all around us.  You have nothing to worry about if you have no medical condition suppressing your immuno-system or have specific allergies to the species of fungus. However, if you are going to disturb the environment then all bets are off, and the safest approach is to assume the soil has the fungal spores and take the necessary precautions to protect the workers.

Reference

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2004. Histoplasmosis. Fact Sheet.

Safety Tidbit #14-Emergency Action Plans

Just about every week I go to at least one small employer to help them with their health and safety programs.  I always start out at the 30,000-foot level by asking the employer: So what do you do if a fire starts, there is an explosion or some other catastrophic event?  Many small employers simply answer “We all evacuate.”  That is how I get my foot in the door to evaluate the employer’s Emergency Action Plan (EAP).  Under OSHA standard 1910.38(a), “An employer must have an emergency action plan whenever an OSHA standard in this part requires one.”  That is the political two-step that drives everyone crazy.  So the employer asks, “How do I know if I need a plan? And/or Am I required by some other standard in this part?”  Both good questions, as there are seven standards that OSHA has a specific requirement to have an EAP as discussed in the OSHA Instruction from July 9, 2002 (CPL 2-1.037):

1910.119-Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals,

1910.160-Fixed Extinguishing Systems, General

1910.164-Fire Detection Systems

1910.272-Grain Handling

1910.1047-Ethylene Oxide

1910.1050-Methylenedianiline

190.1051-1,3-Butadiene

The last three are not too common anymore, and, fortunately, there are not many employers that have “highly hazardous chemicals” as defined by OSHA. Furthermore, grain handling is pretty specific which leaves just facilities with fixed extinguishing systems and fire detection systems.

For fixed extinguishing systems: 1910.160(c)(1) - The employer shall provide an emergency action plan in accordance with 1910.38 for each area within a workplace that is protected by a total flooding system which provides agent concentrations exceeding the maximum safe levels set forth in paragraphs (b)(5) and (b)(6) of 1910.162.)

And for fire detection systems: 1910.164(e)(3) - The employer shall not delay alarms or devices initiated by fire detector actuation for more than 30 seconds unless such delay is necessary for the immediate safety of employees. When such delay is necessary, it shall be addressed in an emergency action plan meeting the requirements of 1910.38.

Both standards deal with specific requirements in the workplace.  So what does a normal small business owner supposed to have to ensure the safety of the employees when a catastrophic event occurs?  Nothing – well not quite.  Remember in the beginning, I asked the employer what they do if a fire starts, and they said we evacuate the building.  They said the all evacuate the building. So therefore, there is an OSHA standard after all.

Under 1910.157(b)(1), if the employer evacuates all employees to safety when a fire occurs  the employer is relieved from compliance with 1910.157 (unless a specific standard in part 1910 requires that portable fire extinguishers be provided) however, if the employer selects to use option, 1910.157(b)(1) requires compliance with 1910.38(a) and (b).  In other words, the employer cannot expect employees to evacuate in an emergency if no EAP has been created and explained to them. So to answer my question in the title – Yes you need an Emergency Action Plan!

Safety Tidbit #13 - Introducing Workplace Violence

(adapted from https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/workplaceviolence/index.html)

Homicide is currently the fourth-leading cause of fatal occupational injuries in the United States. Workplace violence includes any act or threat of physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening disruptive behavior that occurs at the work site. It ranges from threats and verbal abuse to physical assaults and even homicide. However workplace violence manifests it is a major concern for employees and employers must take action.

Nearly 2 million American workers report having been victims of workplace violence each year. Unfortunately, many more cases go unreported. The truth is, workplace violence can strike anywhere, anytime, and no one is immune.

High-Risk Indicators:

1.      Exchanging money with the public and working with volatile, unstable people.

2.      Working alone or in isolated areas.

3.      Providing services and care, and working where alcohol is served.

4.      Working late at night or in areas with high crime rates.

High-Risk Occupations:

1.      Delivery drivers

2.      Healthcare professionals

3.      Public service workers

4.      Customer service agents

5.      Law enforcement personnel

6.      Or those who work alone or in small groups.

As usual, performing a hazard assessment implementing feasible precautions employers reduce the risk of workplace violence acts.  One of the best protections employers can offer their workers is to establish a zero-tolerance policy toward workplace violence. This policy should cover all workers, patients, clients, visitors, contractors, and anyone else who may come in contact with company personnel.  A well written and implemented Workplace Violence Prevention Program can be a separate workplace violence prevention program or can be incorporated into an injury and illness prevention program, employee handbook, or manual of standard operating procedures. Critical to success - Ensure all workers know the policy and understand that all claims of workplace violence will be investigated and remedied promptly.

OSHA Resources

• Updated Guidelines for Preventing Workplace Violence for Healthcare and Social Service Workers (EPUB^* | MOBI^*)). OSHA Publication (OSHA-3148), (2015).
• Enforcement Procedures for Investigating or Inspecting Workplace Violence Incidents. OSHA Directive CPL 02-01-052, (2011, September 8).
• Preventing Violence Against Taxi and For-Hire Drivers (PDF^*). OSHA Fact Sheet, (2010, April).
• Recommendations for Workplace Violence Prevention Programs in Late-Night Retail Establishments (PDF^*). OSHA Publication 3153-12R, (2009).